|
|
|
Set aside the question about whether or not global warming is
actually occurring (the science shows the earth, as a whole, hasn’t
warmed at all in the last decade), and most certainly set aside the
debate about whether or not global warming is man made and the result of
greenhouse gasses. For the moment, just accept that what we are told is
almost universally accepted as fact.
-- Click on headline to read the rest of this
story by Troy Marshall
|
Buy Into The Brand With Integrity.
All MFA Health Track calves are weaned at least 45 days,
on standardized nutrition, double vaccinated, dewormed and deliced,
castrated, dehorned, and source and age verified through AgInfoLink’s
USDA-approved PVP.
Everyone benefits from cattle that stay healthy and perform, for more
information contact MFA Health Track today.
Phone: 888-514-2333
Email: healthtrack@mfa-inc.com
Web: www.mfa-inc.com/web/guest/livestock/healthtrack
|
|
Let’s put a little perspective on the recent financial bailout
contemplated by Congress. If there are 300 million people in the U.S.,
$700 billion equates to $2,300/person or $9,200 for a family of four.
The state of Florida’s gross domestic product is roughly $700 billion.
It is likely to be about equal to the cost of the Iraq War, which has
cost nearly $600 billion. It is equivalent to adding 7% to the national
debt, which is (brace yourself), $9.6 trillion. According to economist
Niall Ferguson, as percent of the nations GDP, it is equivalent to the
Marshall Plan when we rebuilt Europe after WWII. Of course, compared to
the projected shortfalls in Social Security system, $700 billion is just
a drop in the bucket.
On a related note, the bailout will have consequences for the upcoming
election. Above and beyond the huge bump in the polls that Obama has
received, it is expected to eliminate any chance of McCain implementing
his tax cuts and or Obama raising taxes or increasing spending to the
degree promised. The new president will essentially have his hands tied.
-- Troy Marshall
|
|
The seedstock industry has been buzzing with the announcement of the
Curly Calf genetic defect by the American Angus Association. This
genetic defect is lethal, and has been linked to one of the most heavily
used sires in the Angus breed, GAR Precision 1680.
It appears that this genetic defect is a simple recessive (similar to
the red and black genes that control coat color), so once a genetic test
for it is developed it should be relatively easy to minimize any
additional ill effects. Only half of the animals out of Precision will
be carriers and even a smaller percentage of grandsons and
granddaughters. It would require the mating of two carriers before the
lethal outcome will be realized and even then only one-fourth of the
resulting offspring would be affected.
This defect has gotten a lot of publicity because it is out of one of
the more heavily used sires within the Angus breed, but we have seen
similar defects discovered in the Red Angus, Maine-Anjou, Shorthorn,
Holstein, and Quarter Horse breeds recently. While molecular genetics
has made it possible for the industry to manage these genetic defects
vastly better than in the past, it also points out the disadvantage of
inbreeding. Improved genetic tools have allowed us to select animals
that excel in a particular trait, but it has also resulted in less
genetic diversity, more inbreeding and more potential problems like this
because of the lack of genetic diversity. The goal is to have the
genetic test available before the upcoming spring bull sale season gets
in full swing.
-- Troy Marshall
|
Relief from fuel costs comes in a
barrel.
Save time and money with CRYSTALYX®, the low-moisture block designed
to make good nutrition and economic sense. Reduce the delivery and fuel
costs that threaten your success. Compare your supplementation costs
with free software. Just click here or visit www.crystalyx.com.
|
|
Through the years, BEEF magazine has constantly tweaked and
retooled to maintain its currency and use for our readers. That has
meant expanding beyond our monthly print product to add focused websites
such as beefmagazine.com, beefstockerusa.org, beefcowcalf.com and AmericanCowman.com, as well as
focused newsletters – BEEF Cow-Calf Weekly, BEEF Stocker Trends,
American Cowman Update, and more recently, Nutrient
Management.
The intent is to provide our readership of 100,000 cattle-industry
professionals with the news and analysis they need to remain informed
and competitive in this rapidly changing business landscape. This month,
BEEF editors are adding a new wrinkle – we’re going daily.
BEEF Daily is an online roundup of beef-industry news and
commentary presented each morning from Monday through Thursday. Together
with BEEF Cow-Calf Weekly (published every Friday afternoon)
BEEF Daily will provide BEEF readers with daily news
updates five days each week.
Serving as BEEF Daily Editor will be Amanda Nolz, 2003 National
Beef Ambassador and a fifth-generation rancher from Mitchell, SD. A
senior majoring in journalism at South Dakota State University, Amanda
already has a long record of advocacy for the U.S. beef industry –
producing her own blog – chewingthecud.org – since
2006 and her own weekly radio program, in addition to regular
freelancing to beef-industry publications.
Just how much of an advocate is Nolz? Perhaps you heard of a young FFA
member who led a walkout of several thousand members from a Carrie
Underwood concert a couple of summers ago in protest of the country
singer’s anti-meat positions and association with the Humane Society
of the United States. That young person was Amanda.
Check out her work on BEEF Daily at www.beefmagazine.com.
-- Joe Roybal
|
|
A survey of BEEF readers finds a vast preference for John
McCain over Barack Obama in November.
If BEEF magazine readers had their say, John McCain would win the
Nov. 4 election for U.S. president rather handily. By a margin of 81.5%
to 9.9%, respondents to an exclusive email survey of BEEF readers
said they planned to vote for the Republican candidate for U.S.
president over the Democratic Party nominee, Barack Obama.
-- Click on headline to read the rest of this
story by Joe Roybal
|
 Charolais Advantage. We just made it easier to make money
with Charolais genetics. Charolais Advantage is a genetic-, age- and
source verified program designed to add even more value to your
Charolais genetics. For additional information, visit www.charolaisusa.com/>
or contact Marilou Wegner, AICA, 816-464-5977, ext. 400 or e-mail mwegner@charolaisusa.com.
|
|
The home run comes from Houston Astros slugger Carlos Lee, a native
of Panama who owns a ranch in his native country as well as a ranch
south and west of Houston. Lee toured the coastline earlier this week in
a helicopter with Texas Ag Commissioner Todd Staples and, struck by the
hurt that is out there in ranch country, donated $25,000 and 300 bales
of hay to the ranch relief efforts.
"As a cattleman, this can happen to anybody," Lee said. "That's why I'm
here today, to make a donation and to help. I'm going to donate $25,000
to this cause. That can help us get started. If everybody does a little
bit at a time, I think we can help. If this happens to you, you want to
feel like there's help out there."
Lee and Staples estimated they saw to 2,000 to 3,000 stray cattle from
the air as they toured the hardest hit areas along the coast between
Galveston and the Louisiana border.
-- Ron Hays, Radio Oklahoma Network
|
|
The House Agriculture Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy and Poultry
held a hearing to review advances in animal health, particularly the use
of antimicrobials in the livestock industry. Congressman Leonard Boswell
(D-IA), chairman of the subcommittee, said, “It is clear from
today’s hearing and the testimony of producers and veterinarians in
the field, that antimicrobial use decreases mortality of animals,
decreases disease, reduces cost of food and increases food safety.
Healthy animals bring us healthy food, and science plays a huge role in
that.”
At the hearing, the National Pork Producers Council urged Congress not
to restrict the use of antibiotics in pork production saying antibiotics
are a necessary tool to protect animal and public health. Others
testifying included the Animal Health Institute, National Cattlemen’s
Beef Association, National Milk Producers Association, National Turkey
Federation, and the American Veterinary Association. A number of bills
have been introduced in Congress that would prohibit the use in
livestock of certain antibiotics. This legislation is expected to be
reintroduced next year.
-- P. Scott Shearer, Washington, D.C.
correspondent
|
America’s
Largest Seedstock Sale of the Year
Deiter Bros.
Complete & Total Dispersal Sale
October 13, 14 & 15, 2008
Faulkton, South Dakota
Selling over 2500 Lots of ChiAngus , SimAngus and Angus
Headquarters for Industry Leading Hybrid Genetics for over 25 Years!
Unmatched for Performance – Maternal Power – Carcass Merit - Eye
Appeal!
Click Here for dispersal
website or call Ranch Office: 605-598-6712
|
|
During the 2008 Cattle Industry Summer conference in July, the
Cattlemen’s Beef Board approved a program budget of $43.5 million for
Fiscal 2009, which begins Oct. 1. That figure was a 6.6% reduction from
this year’s budget. Last week, they cut even deeper.
“We realized that the 2009 revenue projections we made in July
actually were still too optimistic,” said Operating Committee Chairman
Dave Bateman, “so we had to cut back even more than we anticipated.”
The result is a $42 million budget that will be presented to USDA for
approval. In addition, about $8.1 million from state funds will be put
toward national beef checkoff programs, bringing the combined total for
approved programs to about $50.1 million, down from a combined total of
about $57.4 million in the current fiscal year.
The approved budget:- About $23.3 million for promotions.
Promotion efforts include consumer advertising, retail marketing,
foodservice marketing, new product and culinary initiatives, the
National Beef Cook-Off, and other activities.
- Almost $7.7 million for research projects, including beef safety
research, product enhancement research, nutrition research and market
research.
- Just over $6.2 million for consumer information programs, including
a Northeast public relations initiative, national public relations and
nutrition influencer support.
- About $2.2 million for industry information projects, such as beef
and dairy quality assurance programs and dissemination of accurate
information about the beef industry to counter misinformation from
anti-beef groups.
- About $7.7 million for foreign marketing efforts.
- Some $1.9 million in producer communications.
Cuts in program
budgets were spread across various categories to minimize the overall
effect of the budget reduction, according to the Cattlemen’s Beef
Board. Some deeper cuts were required, however, with funding for
producer communications hardest hit.
-- Cattlemen’s Beef Board release
|
|
Terry Stokes, chief executive officer of the National Cattlemen’s
Beef Association (NCBA), announced Thursday he will resign from his
position following the 2009 Cattle Industry Convention, Jan. 31,
2009.
Stokes said representing cattlemen and championing their cause has been
the greatest honor and most fulfilling job of his career, but he
explained it is also all-consuming. He said he is looking forward to
spending time with his family and exploring new opportunities.
Stokes joined NCBA 12 years ago as chief financial officer and was
appointed CEO in 2002. During his tenure as CEO, NCBA grew revenues 41%.
Membership grew more than 17% in the past three years.
“So much of Terry’s work has been behind the scenes. He’s not a
‘look-at-me’ kind of leader. So I’m not sure how many people
realize what a difference he has made to NCBA and the beef industry.
That said, I respect his personal decision to find the next mountain to
climb,” said Gary Voogt, cattle producer from Marne, MI and NCBA
president-elect.
-- NCBA news release
|
|
Beginning with deliveries on the October 2008 CME live cattle
futures contract, all cattle in the delivery unit must be born and
raised exclusively in the U.S., according to the CME. In addition, at
the time of delivery, the seller must provide an affidavit attesting to
the origin of the cattle being delivered.
-- Click on headline to read the rest of this
story by Burt Rutherford
|
|
Thirty Senators have written Secretary of Agriculture Ed Schafer
stating their concerns with how USDA is going to implement mandatory
country of origin labeling (COOL). The main issue is how much U.S.
product will be labeled as mixed origin. Their concern is USDA’s
interim final rule which would allow product from U.S. animals that
could be combined with animals from multiple countries.
The Senators stated in the letter, “USDA’s interim final rule
appears to allow product from animals exclusively born, raised and
slaughtered in the United States to instead be combined with the other
labeling category, which is intended for product that is from animals
from multiple countries; that is, U.S. product would be labeled jointly
with other countries. It is not the intent of Congress that all U.S.
product or such product from large segments of the industry be combined
with the multiple countries of origin category nor was it dictated by
statute. Consumers and producers are expecting to see exclusively U.S.
origin product labeled as such.” The letter was originated by Senators
Tim Johnson (D-SD) and Mike Enzi (R-WY).
-- P. Scott Shearer, Washington, D.C.
correspondent
|
|
USDA last week issued an interim rule to change California’s
classification to modified accredited advanced for bovine tuberculosis
(TB). Previously, California had been classified as accredited free, but
with the discovery of three affected dairy herds since November 2007,
the state no longer meets the requirements for that status.
Since the investigation began in December 2007, more than 145 herds and
more than 180,000 cattle have been tested and seven infected cattle have
been identified, according to the Salinas Californian. All cattle
from two of the affected herds have been removed and the third herd is
under movement controls and a testing program to remove infected cattle,
the paper reports.
With the drop in status, breeding cattle or bison leaving California
will require a negative tuberculin test before they move. Spayed heifers
and steers, cattle from TB-accredited free herds, cattle moving to
packing plants, cattle or bison less than six months old, and intact
heifers moving directly to a feedlot can move to most states without
testing.
USDA will consider comments until Nov. 17. For info, go to edocket.access.gpo.gov/2008/E8-21814.htm.
Meanwhile, New Mexico’s legislative delegation is urging USDA to
expedite approval of an application for split-state status for bovine
TB. New Mexico lost its TB-free status recently as well.
Split-state status would place movement restrictions only on animals
within the two eastern New Mexico counties experiencing TB problems and
would lessen the economic repercussions to New Mexico’s livestock
producers, according to the Carlsbad Current-Argus.
“The downgrade of New Mexico’s status is estimated to cost our
producers more than $4 million/year and could actually impede efforts to
eliminate bovine TB as resources are shifted to operations that pose
little or no risk,” the state’s Congressional delegation told USDA
Secretary Ed Schafer in a letter.
-- Burt Rutherford
|
|
At press time, Congress had a number of items to finalize before
leaving for its October recess in preparation for the Nov. 4 election.
The main issue facing the Congress and administration is the Wall Street
bailout package. The administration is warning that if Congress does not
act it will have a devastating effect on the economy. Other issues
Congress is trying to finish include a continuing resolution, tax
extenders, and a stimulus package.
-- P. Scott Shearer, Washington, D.C.
correspondent
|
|
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) last week released draft
guidance on the regulation of genetically engineered (GE) animals. The
guidance document is intended to clarify the FDA's regulatory authority
in this field, as well as the requirements and recommendations for
producers of GE animals and products derived from GE animals.
-- Click on headline to read the rest of this
story by Cattlemen’s Capitol Concerns
|
|
Almost two weeks after Hurricane Ike struck the upper Gulf Coast of
Texas, shock is being replaced by worry, fatigue and nagging questions
among affected ranchers. Massive efforts are ongoing to find and care
for surviving domestic livestock, dig out from under debris and fallen
trees and rebuild homes and ranching businesses.
-- Click on headline to read the rest of this
TSCRA release
|
|
The House of Representatives passed bipartisan legislation to
increase the transparency, oversight, and anti-manipulation authority
over commodity futures and options markets. The legislation (H.R. 6604)
strengthens trader position limits on oil and other futures markets as a
way to prevent potential price distortions caused by excessive
speculative trading. The legislation would:- Require foreign
boards of trade to share trading data and adopt speculative position
limits on contracts that trade U.S. commodities similar to
U.S.-regulated exchanges.
- Require the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) to set
trading limits for all agricultural and energy commodities, in order to
prevent excessive speculation.
- Limit eligibility for hedge exemptions to bona-fide hedgers.
- Codify CFTC recommendations to improve transparency in dark markets
by disaggregating index fund and other data in energy and agricultural
markets as well as requiring detailed reporting from index traders and
swap dealers.
- Call for a minimum of 100 full-time CFTC employees to enforce
manipulation and prevent fraud. Despite record trading volume in the
futures and options markets, CFTC staffing is at its lowest level since
the agency was created in 1974.
- Authorize CFTC to take action if it finds disruption in
over-the-counter markets for energy and gas.
- Require the CFTC to study the effectiveness of establishing position
limits in over-the-counter markets.
-- P.
Scott Shearer, Washington, D.C. correspondent
|
|
Australia now dominates the Japanese beef market, with exports for
the first eight months of 2008 totaling 179,130 tons, an 80.07% share of
total imports into Japan. The U.S. exported 20,641 tons or 9.23% of
total imports, while New Zealand’s share was 17,825 tons or 7.97% of
total Japanese imports. Australia has dominated the market since the ban
on U.S. beef in 2003. Having proven its reliability and quality,
Australia now has the Japan market firmly in its control.
Meanwhile, the total volume of beef imports (manufacturing beef and
cooked meats) into the U.S. in the first eight months of 2008 totaled
492,578 tons. The breakdown goes like this:Argentina – 5,435 tons;
Australia – 118,601 tons; Brazil – 31,736 tons; Canada – 166,693
tons; Central America – 22,755 tons; México – 11,625 tons; New
Zealand – 125,209 tons; and Uruguay – 9,825 tons. This year the
U.S. expects to have exports exceed imports, the first time since 2003.
In fact, the U.S. Meat Export Federation announced last week that, for
the first seven months of 2008, exports exceeded imports of beef for the
first time since 2003, at an export value of $1.94 billion. Mexico is
still the main market and received 40,930 tons of beef in the month of
July, while Russia purchased 7,649 tons. USDA forecasts a 28% increase
in beef exports for 2008 over the previous year.
Regarding Brazil exports, the European ban on Brazilian beef has
significantly impacted Brazilian beef exports into Europe in the first
eight months, though exports overall are forecast at more than 1 million
tons, or the equivalent of 1.5 million tons of carcass weight, for the
year. Currently, 200 ranches have been approved for export into the EU.
Nonetheless, Brazilian firms JBS-Fribol and Mafrig have found the
domestic market as good as the export market this year for prime cuts,
with the economic boom in Brazil increasing the demand for meat.
In addition, Chile is expected to open its doors to Brazil in November,
a market normally serviced by Argentina.
-- Muriel Elizabeth Hayes, Argentina
|
|
It’s estimated that one out of 10 cows going through a livestock
auction facility has Johne’s disease (pronounced “Yo-nees”) –
and a vast majority of producers have no idea the animals they sell are
infected with the disease. Producers simply know that the animals are
thin and have unresponsive chronic diarrhea. In dairy cows, milk
production is significantly down; in beef cattle, weaned calves are
lighter than they should be.
Johne’s disease experts maintain that dairy and beef cows are leaving
herds way too fast – before they are tested for Johne’s disease.
They note producers who have culled one or more animals for unresponsive
chronic diarrhea combined with reduced milk production and thin
condition should suspect and test for Johne’s disease.
“Johne’s disease is a slow and progressive bacterial disease of the
intestinal tract that affects ruminants and is caused by the bacterium
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis,” states Dr. Michael
Carter, National Johne’s Disease Control Program Coordinator, National
Center for Animal Health Programs, USDA-APHIS-VS. “Infected animals
can shed large numbers of the disease-causing bacteria in their feces,
leading to contamination of feed and water sources without ever showing
clinical signs. Infected animals can also shed the bacteria in their
colostrum and milk, and infected dams can pass the disease on to their
offspring.”
Johne’s disease is estimated to be present in 68% of U.S. dairy
operations and in eight out of 100 U.S. beef herds. A 1996 National
Animal Health Monitoring Systems study found that dairy herds with a low
Johne’s disease clinical cull rate experience an average loss of
$40/cow while herds with a high Johne’s disease clinical cull rate
have on average a $227/cow loss, with losses resulting from reduced milk
production, early culling and poor body condition at culling. Although a
dollar amount has not be estimated for Johne’s disease in beef herds,
Johne’s-infected beef cows are known to produce less milk resulting in
lighter calves at weaning and can be slower to breed back.
To obtain your copy of Johne’s prevention and control brochure, or to
learn more about Johne’s disease, visit www.johnesdisease.org or
call the National Institute for Animal Agriculture (NIAA) at
270-782-9798.
-- NIAA release
|
|
Beth Johnson has been named USDA Acting Under Secretary of
Agriculture for Food Safety. Johnson currently serves as Chief Assistant
to Chuck Conner, Deputy Secretary of Agriculture. She is a registered
dietitian and was on staff of the Senate Agriculture Committee in the
1990s.
-- P. Scott Shearer, Washington, D.C.
correspondent
|
|
All abattoirs in the European Union now have to adhere to stricter
rules, in relation to the handling of animals. The laws have not been
amended since 1993. The stunning of animals tops the list of changes in
order to ensure animals don’t regain consciousness after initial
stunning and entering the kill line.
Live shackling of poultry is also under review for change, along with
new laws in relation to fish farming.
Each plant is required to employ an animal welfare expert on staff and
comply with all the new regulations, which take effect in spring 2009.
Each year, 360 million cattle, pigs, sheep and goats are slaughtered in
the EU, along with billions of chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks.
-- Muriel Elizabeth Hayes
|
|
After the wind storm from Hurricane Ike, Ohio farmers are finding
their corn in one of two states: either standing relatively well or
taking a beating, and it pretty much depends on the stage of maturity as
to how difficult the crop will be to harvest.
Wind damage appears most severe in drought-stressed corn that had died
prematurely, resulting in weak stalks, and late-planted corn that had
shallow, limited root systems.
"It’s not uncommon to see considerable variability in stalk lodging
within cornfields, with those areas of fields where corn ponding
occurred in June followed by drought stress in July and August
exhibiting the worst damage," said Peter Thomison, an Ohio State
University (OSU) Extension agronomist. "It’s also remarkable how well
corn is standing in many fields despite the high winds."
Thomison said that, while evidence of wind damage is widespread, severe
damage, which may result in significant yield losses, seems more
localized rather than statewide. "Growers are likely to see three
scenarios with wind-damaged corn: the tops blown off above the ear
(there is minimal damage associated with this condition), breakage below
the ear, and plants broken off at the base," Thomison said. "With the
last two situations, harvesting the corn for grain will be difficult to
near impossible if the grain is still very wet and corn is nearly flat
on the ground."
Thomison said that harvest losses could range from a modest 1-5% per
field, up to as high as 40-50%, depending on how badly the crop lodged
and what the weather does over the next few weeks.
For more info on Ohio’s crop condition, harvest tips and equipment
adjustment, refer to the OSU Extension Agronomic Crops Team website at
agcrops.osu.edu.
-- Ohio State University release
|
|
The House of Representatives passed legislation to suspend the
entire 10 acres provision of the farm bill for the 2008 and 2009 crop
years. The provision in the farm bill required producers to have a
minimum of 10-base acres to receive program benefits.
Congress’ intent was to allow small farmers to aggregate their acres
so they would have the minimum base of 10 acres to be eligible for
support programs. USDA has indicated that it would not allow aggregation
of acres. Senator Chuck Grassley (R-IA) plans to introduce similar
legislation in the Senate.
-- P. Scott Shearer, Washington, D.C.
correspondent
|
|
The United States, Brunei, Chile, New Zealand and Singapore
announced the launch of negotiations for the U.S. to join the
comprehensive Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement
(known as P-4). The Trans-Pacific agreement went into effect in late
2006 between Brunei, Chile, New Zealand, and Singapore.
There is a difference of opinion among U.S. agriculture on the
importance of these negotiations. The National Pork Producers Council
said, “This is an important step toward maintaining and expanding U.S.
pork exports to the Asia-Pacific region.” The National Milk Producers
Federation wants full exclusion of New Zealand’s dairy products under
the agreement.
-- P. Scott Shearer, Washington, D.C.
correspondent
|
|
As the industry looks at the looming deadline of Sept. 30 for
implementation of country of origin labeling (COOL) requirements,
questions abound. Among them is how USDA will handle the so-called gap
cattle already in the country.
Part of that problem was handled with the designation that all cattle in
the U.S. as of July 15 are considered to be of U.S. origin. Beyond that,
USDA is allowing, for only one year, visual inspection of cattle to
qualify them as either U.S. or non-U.S. origin, according to Marty
O’Connor, chief of the Standardization Branch of USDA’s Ag Marketing
Service.
“We may declare as U.S. origin if no official identifying marks from
any other country are exhibited on those animals when visually inspected
by anybody other than the receiving packing company,” he said.
Official identifying marks can be brands from Mexico or Canada, eartags
and other markings.
The inspection has to be conducted prior to delivery to the slaughter
facility and an affidavit must still accompany the cattle. The procedure
will remain in place until July 15, 2009.
According to O’Connor, USDA will consider all comments received during
the comment period, which ends Sept. 30, and considers the first six
months of mandatory COOL to be a period of education and outreach. Once
the six-month honeymoon is over, USDA will begin to audit retailers and
packers to ensure compliance with COOL labeling requirements.
While live animals aren’t considered a covered commodity under the
COOL law, packers are the initiator of the COOL declaration and will
require cattlemen to have sufficient records to ensure confidence that
their supply of animals meets expectations and that USDA can trace them
back to their ranch of origin, he added.
For info on COOL implementation, including a Q&A for cattlemen, go to
www.ams.usda.gov/cool.
Comments can be submitted at www.regulations.gov; type
“country of origin labeling” in the search box.
-- Burt Rutherford
|
|
|
